Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure & Activity

http://www.minisun.com/default.asp

how do we measure energy expenditure ?

http://www.rowett.ac.uk/edu_web/sec_pup/energy_expend.swf


Total daily energy expenditure

Two main methods
1) using naturally occuring stable isotopes
The use of stable isotopes allows energy expenditure to be measured accurately in free living human subjects. This is a method where water labelled with H2 and O18 is consumed orally and urine samples collected daily for the measurement period (usually 7-14 days). It is known as "the doubly labelled water" (DLW method)

2) by measuring heart rate
Total (daily) energy expenditure (TEE) can be estimated by minute-to-minute heart rate (HR) monitoring (HRM). HR monitors can be used to determine EE because it is known that an increase in HR during physical activity is associated with a line rise in oxygen consumption. Thus, from continously monitoring HR, oxygen consumption can be estimated.

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BMR, Energy Expenditure

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Basal Metabolic Rate is the mimimal caloric requirement needed to sustain life in a resting individual. This is the amount of energy your body would burn if you slept all day (24 hours). Let's look at some factors that affect BMR:

Age: In youth, the BMR is higher; age brings less lean body mass and slows the BMR.

Height: Tall, thin people have higher BMR's.

Growth: Children and pregnant women have higher BMR's.

Body Composition: The more lean tissue, the higher the BMR. The more fat tissue, the lower the BMR.

Fever: Fevers can raise the BMR.

Stress: Stress hormones can raise the BMR.

Environmental Temperature: Both the heat and cold raise the BMR.

Fasting/Starvation: Fasting/starvation hormones lower the BMR.

Malnutrition: Malnutrition lowers the BMR.

Thyroxin: The thyroid hormone thyroxin is a key BMR regulator; the more thyroxin produced, the higher the BMR.

Basal metabolic rate

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the number of calories used by the body when it is at rest. BMR accounts for most of a person's calorie use. A person's basal metabolic rate is based on body functions such as respiration, digestion, heartbeat, and brain function. One's age, sex, body weight, and level of physical activity impact the basal metabolic rate. Basal metabolic rate increases with the amount of muscle tissue a person has, and it reduces with age.

Along with burning more calories, physical activity increases the BMR, and the BMR can remain increased after 30 minutes of moderate physical activity. For many people the basal metabolic rate can be increased 10% for approximately 48 hours after the activity. This means, for example, even after the physical activity, when a person is sedentary and watching television, the body is using more calories than usual.

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Detection of daily physical activities using a triaxial accelerometer

Detection of daily physical activities using a triaxial accelerometer

School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Triaxial accelerometers have been employed to monitor human movements in a variety of circumstances. The study considered the use of data from a single waist-mounted triaxial accelerometer to distinguish between activity states and rest A method using acceleration magnitude was applied to data collected from 26 normal subjects performing sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions and walking. The effects of three parameters were investigated: the length n of a smoothing median filter, the width w of the averaging window used to process the signal and the value of the acceleration magnitude threshold th. These were found to be inter-related, and sets of parameters that resulted in accurate discrimination were determined by the relationship between th and the product of w and n, and by the relationship between n and w. The subjects were randomly divided into control (N = 13) and test (N = 13) groups. Optimum parameter sets were determined using the control group. Eleven sets of parameters yielded the same optimum results of a sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.96 in the control group. Upon application to the test group, using these parameters, the system successfully distinguished between activity and rest, giving sensitivities greater than 0.98 and specificities between 0.88 and 0.94.

Techniques available for measuring energy expenditure

Techniques available for measuring energy expenditure

Oxygen Analysis
Carbon Dioxide Analysis
Heart- rate Measurement

calculate energy expenditure

Physical Activity for Everyone: Physical Activity Terms

MET
The standard metabolic equivalent, or MET, level. This unit is used to estimate the amount of oxygen used by the body during physical activity.

1 MET = the energy (oxygen) used by the body as you sit quietly, perhaps while talking on the phone or reading a book.
The harder your body works during the activity, the higher the MET.

* Any activity that burns 3 to 6 METs is considered moderate-intensity physical activity.
* Any activity that burns > 6 METs is considered vigorous-intensity physical activity.


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A heavier person burns more calories, so the same amount of physical activity can actually burn the same number of calories but more quickly.

second meeting

PMV needs Anemometer ?
One of variables that influence thermal comfort is air flow.
For PMV calculation we don't need direct measurement of air flow
but effect of air flow to ambient temperature.
Therefore we prefer to use a sensor which measures termperature effect
of air flow than an anemometer.
This kind of sensor have been developed around 8-10 years ago by some research groups.
Some of them are LG Research Center in Seoul, Korea and research group in Kyungpook National University (KNU) Korea.
The silicon-based sensors measure not only temperature but also humidity.

MICA-Mote
Which MICA-Mote should be used to transfer the data from sensors to temperature controller.
The selection based on suitable interface between microcontroller which collect datas from sensors and the MICA-Mote.
MICA-Z (Zigbee) has I2C-interface

Activity sensor
How to measure physical activity of actor (human) ?

Hardware and software arrangement between silicon-based sensor which measures all environmental data and activity sensor.

3-in-1 Humidity, Temperature and Airflow Meter

EXTECH 45160 3-in-1 Humidity, Temperature and Airflow Meter

Features:
* Ergonomic pocket size housing with large dual LCD simultaneous display of Temperature and Air Velocity or Relative Humidity
* Data Hold to freeze the displayed value
* Records Min/Max readings
* Built-in low friction vane wheel improves accuracy of air velocity in ft/min, MPH, m/s, km/h, and Knots
* Built-in precision thin-film capacitance humidity sensor for fast response

* Built in thermistor for ambient temperature measurements
* High temperature measurements using Type K thermocouple
* Defaults to last function when powered off
* Auto power off 10 minutes after last key is pressed with disable feature
* Low Battery and over-range indication
* Complete with built-in Humidity sensor and Vane wheel, wrist strap, and 9V battery.
* Optional Type K thermocouple probe

MINI ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY METER MEASURES HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE, AIR FLOW, AND LIGHT LEVEL

Features & Applications:
For environmental testing anywhere. Combines a light meter, humidity meter, thermometer and anemometer into a single compact unit weighing only 5.5 oz (160 g). Own the equivalent of 4 meters for about the price of any one of them. Features dual display with low battery and over range indications, touch-tone buttons, max-min, auto power off and hold functions. Comes ready to use with soft carrying case, wrist strap, instructions, and a 9V battery.